Carbs: The Devil in Disguise?

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Introduction
For years, we were told that fats were the devil. Low fat this and fat free that, no more eating meat and eggs, and a drastic increase consumption of refined grains. I should specify that I have never been on a keto (high fat, low carb) diet. But it is evident how wrong we got it. Carbs are the energy of life, and are crucial to properly fueling your body. But in today’s society, they are overconsumed and ultra-processed. Carbohydrates, or carbs, are typically split into one of two categories: starch and sugar.

Glucose
But first, let’s talk about glucose. Glucose is your body’s main energy source. Your body runs on glucose no matter what, whether you consume it or not. Most people get glucose from food, but those on a ketogenic diet put their bodies into what’s known as ketosis, where your body produces glucose itself from fat (called gluconeogenesis).

It’s esimated that a maximum of 50 g carbs can be consumed in a given day to remain in ketosis. In comparison, the average American consumes about 300 g of carbs per day. I’d say you should aim for somewhere in the middle. The measure of your body’s glucose is what’s known as your blood sugar, where higher glycemic foods (foods high in glucose) will spike your blood sugar more than lower glycemic foods.

Starch
Starches are probably what you mainly think of when you think of carbs. Bread, rice, pasta, etc; these are all starches. There are also starchy vegetables as well, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, and plantains. A starch is a more complex carbohydrate molecule, and consists mainly of glucose. That’s why a slice of white bread will spike your blood sugar more than sugar; the bread contains more glucose. Blood sugar spikes are mitigated by fiber, protein, and fat.

The problem is that all the former starches I listed (bread, rice, and pasta) are all refined white grain products, and thus lack and fiber or micronutrients. On the other hand, starchy whole foods like sweet potatoes, fruit, and beans are rich in fiber, making these much healthier sides to your dinner.

Sugar
On the other hand, a sugar is a simple carbohydrate. Table sugar, or sucrose, is a molecule that’s a bond of 50% glucose and 50% fructose. Fructose should sound familiar, like high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Fructose is found in trace amounts in fruits, but is very high in most liquid sweeteners, such as honey, agave, and maple syrup. The average American consumes 17 tsp (68 g or 270 calories) of added sugar each day. For reference, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends no more than 9 tsp per day for men and 6 tsp for women.

Sugar is high in fruit, but these are whole foods containing lots of fiber and water. There’s no reason to restrict how much fruit you eat. Be mindful of your dried fruit consumption though, as all the water is removed and sometimes sugar is added. However, when most people think sugar, they think desserts, but also be very weary of breakfast cereals, sauces, salad dressing, and snacks, as most of these are loaded with added sugars. Always read nutrition labels. Check out this list of 100+ names for sugar you may find in the grocery store trying to hide from you.

Carbs: Risks
You body runs on glucose, but most people today consume far too many refined grain products, causing chronically elevated blood sugar levels and increased insulin secretion. Excess sugars in the body either get stored in the liver (liver fat) or fat cells (weight gain). This can lead to the following (in alphabetical order):

Acne
Alzheimer’s disease
Chronic inflammation
Dental cavities
Depression
Diabetes
Fatty liver disease
Gout
Heart disease
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
IBS
Insulin resistance
Kidney stones
Lack of appetite control
Leptin resistance
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
PCOS
Sugar addiction
Weight gain

Additionally, there’s no biological process in your body where fructose is required; it’s essentially metabolized the same way alcohol is. This is why we are now seeing alarming rates of fatty liver disease in children, a disease normally only found in alcoholics. To make matters worse, the difference with HFCS is that the glucose and fructose are free; they are not bonded together. Meaning that the fructose is more readily “available” to the body, which is what makes HFCS so much worse for you than even white sugar. HFCS is predominantly found in soda, fruit juices, snacks, candies, desserts, and condiments.

It’s estimated that 180,000 deaths per year are caused by added sugar alone. Sugar, corn syrup, whatever you want to call them all share 2 things in common: they’re cheap and addicting. While sugars are the body’s main energy source, you don’t need it unless you’re expending energy. This is why most sports drinks have a lot of sugar in them. They’re great for after running a marathon, when your body needs to replenish all it’s lost energy, but terrible for you when you’re just sitting on the couch.

An argument for a low carb diet that you often hear is that carbs are non-essential. While there are essential amino acids (proteins) and essential fatty acids (fats), there is no such thing as an essential carb. You could survive on a diet with 0 g of carbs, as your body does not require ingesting any to survive.

Carbs: Benefits
But would you thrive on a diet of no carbs? Absolutely not. You’d survive, sure, but you wouldn’t be doing great. Being deficient in carbohydrates means that your liver won’t have enough stores of glycogen. You’ll stuggle to have enough energy to get through the day and exercise properly, as you’ll be running the tank on near empty most of the time. Carbs are also pretty cheap; oats, rice, beans, fruits, and vegetables are all inexpensive foods, and great for people on a budget.

Additionally, healthy carb sources (listed below) are great sources of many micronutrients, particularly vitamin A (carrots and sweet potatoes), vitamin C (citrus fruits), iron (beans and oats), potassium (bananas and sweet potatoes), and fiber (everything). While, in isolation, sugar from an apple isn’t too different from the sugar from a cookie, there are some very key differences. Added sugars enter the blood stream way faster than whole food sources of sugar due to the precense of protein, fat, fiber, and water. The same grams of carbs from an apple will cause a significantly lower rise in your blood sugar as compared to added sugars, even with the same amount of calories. Whole food carbs sources also promote satiety, helping you stay full for longer, not overeat, and prevent weight gain.

High Carb Foods to Avoid or Limit

Breakfast foods:
- Bagels
- Cereal
- Croissants
- Flavored yogurts
- French toast
- Oatmeal packets
- Pancakes
- Waffles

Desserts:
- Banana bread
- Brownies
- Cakes
- Chocolate (less than 70%)
- Cupcakes
- Cookies
- Donuts
- Ice cream
- Muffins
- Nutella
- Pastries
- Pies

Drinks:
- All sugar sweetened beverages
- Energy drinks
- Fruit juice (even 100% juice)
- Iced tea
- Sports drinks
- Soda
- Sweetened coffee
- Sweetened milks

Savory snacks:
- Banana chips
- Crackers
- Doritos
- Potato chips
- Plantian chips
- Pretzels
- Tortilla chips
- Veggie straws

Sugars (granulated):
- Beet sugar
- Brown sugar
- Cane sugar
- Confectioners sugar
- Coconut sugar
- Dextrose
- Date sugar
- Fructose
- Glucose
- Granulated sugar
- Maltodextrin
- Maltose
- Powdered sugar
- White sugar

Sugars (liquid):
- Agave syrup
- Brown rice syrup
- Corn syrup
- Date syrup
- Fruit concentrate
- High fructose corn syrup
- Honey
- Maple syrup
- Molasses
- Nectar

Sweet snacks:
- Candy
- Dried fruit
- Granola
- Granola bars
- Jam and jelly
- Trail mix

White starches:
- All purpose flour
- Bread
- Enriched wheat flour
- Pasta
- Rice
- Tortillas

High Carb Foods to Moderate or Consume Often

Fruits:
- Apples
- Avocados
- Bananas
- Blackberries
- Blueberries
- Cherries
- Grapefruit
- Mangos
- Oranges
- Pears
- Pineapple
- Pomegranate
- Plums
- Raspberries
- Strawberries
- Watermelon

Legumes:
- Black beans
- Chickpeas
- Green lentils
- Kidney beans
- Pinto beans
- Red lentils
- Soy beans

Starchy Vegetables:
- Acorn squash
- Beets
- Butternut squash
- Carrots
- Corn
- Peas
- Plantains
- Potatoes
- Spaghetti squash
- Sweet potatoes

Whole grains:
- Amaranth
- Barley
- Brown rice
- Buckwheat
- Millet
- Oats
- Quinoa
- Whole wheat flour

Sources